![]() While start times improved in 15 (men) and 14 (women) events, turn times remained inconclusive in both sexes. Improvements were primarily evident in 100 m and 200 m events for males, as well as BR and sprint events for female swimmers. Race times improved significantly ( P 1) in 14 (men) and 6 (women) out of 16 events. Reference values were retrieved from 2021 European championship finalists and are provided for all key performance indicators. ![]() Performance differences in finalists of the 20 European championships were determined by an independent t-test and Cohen's d effect size. Specifically, 246 men (age: 24.2 ± 3.4 years, FINA points: 890 ± 40) and 256 women races (age: 24.2 ± 4, FINA points: 879 ± 38) of the finalists were recorded and key performance indicators and split times analyzed. Individual events from the 20 European swimming championships were included. The aims of the study were to (1) quantify the performance development of race times and key performance indicators of European swimmers across the last Olympic cycle (from 2016 to 2021) and (2) provide reference values for long-course swimming pool events for both sexes from 50 m to 1,500 m including butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley.
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